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beech bark disease
Beech bark disease is a disease that causes mortality and defects in beech trees in the eastern United States and Europe.〔Houston, David R., and James T. O'Brien. "Beech Bark Disease." Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 75(1998) 1-7. 17 Mar 2008
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〕〔Tainter, Frank H., and Fred A. Baker . Principles of Forest Pathology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.〕〔Sinclair, Wayne A. , and Howard H. Lyon. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.〕 In North America, the disease results when the beech scale insect, ''Cryptococcus fagisuga'', attacks the bark, creating a wound. Later, two different fungi (''Neonectria faginata'' (previously ''Nectria coccinea var. faginata'') and ''Neonectria ditissima'' (previously ''Nectria galligena'')) common to North America can invade the tree through the wound, causing a canker to form. In subsequent years, new cankers will continue to form, ultimately leading to the death of the tree. In Europe, ''N. coccinea'' is the primary fungus causing the infection.〔 Infection in European trees occurs in the same manner as it does in North American trees. Though the disease still appears in Europe, it is less serious today than it once was.〔
== History and distribution ==
Beech bark disease was first documented in Europe in 1849. At first, it was believed that the scale insect was the main cause of the disease. It wasn’t until 1914 that the ''Neonectria'' fungus was associated with the disease.〔〔 The first outbreak of beech bark disease in North America appeared in American Beech (''Fagus grandifolia'') in Nova Scotia around 1920. The disease then started to spread to the south and west. The first case of beech bark disease in the United States was reported in 1929 in Massachusetts. By 2004, the disease had spread as far west as Michigan and as far south as western North Carolina.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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